List of Accounting Standards

Objective of IAS 16
The objective of IAS 16 is to prescribe the accounting treatment for property, plant, and equipment.

The principal issues are the timing of recognition of assets, the determination of their carrying amounts, and the depreciation charges to be recognized in relation to them.

Scope
While IAS 16 does not apply to biological assets related to agricultural activity (see IAS 41) or mineral rights and mineral reserves such as oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources, it does apply to property, plant, and equipment used to develop or maintain such assets. [IAS 16.3]





Recognition
Items of property, plant, and equipment should be recognized as assets when it is probable that: [IAS 16.7]

• the future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the enterprise; and
• the cost of the asset can be measured reliably.

This recognition principle is applied to all property, plant, and equipment costs at the time they are incurred. These costs include costs incurred initially to acquire or construct an item of property, plant and equipment and costs incurred subsequently to add to, replace part of, or service it.

IAS 16 does not prescribe the unit of measure for recognition what constitutes an item of property, plant, and equipment. [IAS 16.9] Note, however, that if the cost model is used (see below) each part of an item of property, plant, and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item must be depreciated separately. [IAS 16.43]

IAS 16 recognizes that parts of some items of property, plant, and equipment may require replacement at regular intervals.
The carrying amount of an item of property, plant, and equipment will include the cost of replacing the part of such an item when that cost is incurred if the recognition criteria (future benefits and measurement reliability) are met.
The carrying amount of those parts that are replaced is de-recognized in accordance with the de-recognition provisions of IAS 16.67-72. [IAS 16.13]

Also, continued operation of an item of property, plant, and equipment (for example, an aircraft) may require regular major inspections for faults regardless of whether parts of the item are replaced.
When each major inspection is performed, its cost is recognized in the carrying amount of the item of property, plant, and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied.
If necessary, the estimated cost of a future similar inspection may be used as an indication of what the cost of the existing inspection component was when the item was acquired or constructed. [IAS 16.14]

Initial Measurement
They should be initially recorded at cost. [IAS 16.15] Cost includes all costs necessary to bring the asset to working condition for its intended use.

This would include not only its original purchase price but also costs of site preparation, delivery and handling, installation, related professional fees for architects and engineers, and the estimated cost of dismantling and removing the asset and restoring the site (see IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets). [IAS 16.16-17]

If payment for an item of property, plant, and equipment is deferred, interest at a market rate must be recognised or imputed. [IAS 16.23]

If an asset is acquired in exchange for another asset (whether similar or dissimilar in nature), the cost will be measured at the fair value unless (a) the exchange transaction lacks commercial substance or (b) the fair value of neither the asset received nor the asset given up is reliably measurable. If the acquired item is not measured at fair value, its cost is measured at the carrying amount of the asset given up. [IAS 16.24]

Measurement Subsequent to Initial Recognition
IAS 16 permits two accounting models:

• Cost Model. The asset is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment. [IAS 16.30]

• Revaluation Model. The asset is carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of revaluation less subsequent depreciation, provided that fair value can be measured reliably. [IAS 16.31]

The Revaluation Model
Under the revaluation model, revaluations should be carried out regularly, so that the carrying amount of an asset does not differ materially from its fair value at the balance sheet date. [IAS 16.31]

If an item is revalued, the entire class of assets to which that asset belongs should be revalued. [IAS 16.36]

Revalued assets are depreciated in the same way as under the cost model (see below).

If a revaluation results in an increase in value, it should be credited to equity under the heading "revaluation surplus" unless it represents the reversal of a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognized as an expense, in which case it should be recognized as income. [IAS 16.39]

A decrease arising as a result of a revaluation should be recognized as an expense to the extent that it exceeds any amount previously credited to the revaluation surplus relating to the same asset. [IAS 16.40]

When a revalued asset is disposed of, any revaluation surplus may be transferred directly to retained earnings, or it may be left in equity under the heading revaluation surplus. The transfer to retained earnings should not be made through the income statement (that is, no "recycling" through profit or loss). [IAS 16.41]

Depreciation (Cost and Revaluation Models)
For all depreciable assets:

The depreciable amount (cost less prior depreciation, impairment, and residual value) should be allocated on a systematic basis over the asset's useful life [IAS 16.50].

The residual value and the useful life of an asset should be reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, any change is accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate under IAS 8. [IAS 16.51]

The depreciation method used should reflect the pattern in which the asset's economic benefits are consumed by the enterprise [IAS 16.60];

The depreciation method should be reviewed at least annually and, if the pattern of consumption of benefits has changed, the depreciation method should be changed prospectively as a change in estimate under IAS 8. [IAS 16.61]

Depreciation should be charged to the income statement, unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset [IAS 16.48].

Depreciation begins when the asset is available for use and continues until the asset is de-recognized, even if it is idle.

Recoverability of the Carrying Amount
IAS 36 requires impairment testing and, if necessary, recognition for property, plant, and equipment.

Any claim for compensation from third parties for impairment is included in profit or loss when the claim becomes receivable. [IAS 16.65]

De-recogniton (Retirements and Disposals)
An asset should be removed from the balance sheet on disposal or when it is withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. The gain or loss on disposal is the difference between the proceeds and the carrying amount and should be recognized in the income statement. [IAS 16.67-71]

Disclosure
For each class of property, plant, and equipment, disclose: [IAS 16.73]

• basis for measuring carrying amount;

• depreciation method(s) used;

• useful lives or depreciation rates;

• gross carrying amount and accumulated depreciation and impairment losses;

• reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and the end of the period, showing:

1. additions;
2. disposals;
3. acquisitions through business combinations;
4. revaluation increases;
5. impairment losses;
6. reversals of impairment losses;
7. depreciation;
8. net foreign exchange differences on translation;other movements.

Also disclose: [IAS 16.74]

• restrictions on title;

• expenditures to construct property, plant, and equipment during the period;

• commitments to acquire property, plant, and equipment.

• compensation from third parties for items of property, plant, and equipment that were impaired, lost or given up that is included in profit or loss.

If property, plant, and equipment is stated at revalued amounts, certain additional disclosures are required: [IAS 16.77]

• the effective date of the revaluation;

• whether an independent valuer was involved;

• the methods and significant assumptions used in estimating fair values;

• the extent to which fair values were determined directly by reference to observable prices in an active market or recent market transactions on arm's length terms or were estimated using other valuation techniques;

• the carrying amount that would have been recognized had the assets been carried under the cost model;

• the revaluation surplus, including changes during the period and distribution restrictions

Also Read Notes on :

1. Accounting Standard 14 :Accounting for Amalgamation

2. Accounting Standard 10 : Property , Plant and Equipment

3. Accounting Standard 2 : Valuation of Inventory

4. Accounting Standard 13 : Accounting for Investment
5. IAS 18 Revenue
6. IAS 41